Millennials and Politics: Disengaged and Disillusioned

If you follow the Emerald Quill you know that this blogger is obsessed with trying to understand Millennials. You also know that I keep a keen eye on politics and continuously try to share information that I think is important. I often wonder do youngsters care anything about politics at all. Think about this: 72 million young adults were born after 1985; they make up 36% of the 2014 workforce and 46% by 2020. Since Millennials hold our future in their hands, let's take a look at their political mind-set and habits.

The Washington Post reports ‘that Millennials are disengaged and disillusioned with the U.S. political system”. In many ways, that’s true. Compared with Gen Xers (born between 1965 and 1980) and Baby Boomers (1946 to 1964), the generation of Americans who were born after 1980 and before 1997 identify less with political parties, are less interested in politics and vote at lower rates. Even young Americans who consider themselves politically active may not do much more than vote every few years, sign an online petition once a year, or passive-aggressively unfriend people who express different political views on Facebook.

Many people see these trends as a product of the general uprooting of American civic society. For a variety of complex reasons -- including changes in work, technology and gender roles -- Americans today know less about their neighbors, are less likely to take part in their communities, and be part of fewer formal institutions such as churches or political parties.

Millennials are the most racially and ethnically diverse generation (40% non-white and Hispanic). They rely on Facebook for their political news, while Baby Boomers turn to local TV. This generation is the most moderate of any generation (39% moderates, 31% liberal, and 26% conservative). They are more likely to identify themselves as self described independents (50%). Millennials opt for bigger government providing more services over smaller government providing fewer services (53%).

This generation is not isolationists. They support the military conducting nation building in Iraq and Afghanistan. Sixty per cent believe that it is the right decision to use force in Afghanistan, fourteen points higher than the Silent Generation. Seven in 10 Millennials believe that immigrants strengthen our country.

A recent Pew study labels Millennials as liberal, churchless and single. Millennials haven't bought into the idea that they should go to church or get married early. Only 36 percent of the Millennials said the phrase "a religious person" described them very well, compared with 52 percent of the Gen Xers, 55 percent of the baby boomers and 61 percent of the Silent Generation. And they're significantly less religious than their immediately predecessors, the Gen Xers. When they were the same age, almost half of the Gen Xers — 47 percent — identified themselves as religious. The 64 percent of the millennials who say that they are not religious "is the highest for any age group we've ever measured," Taylor said.

 The Millennials were far less inclined toward marriage than the groups that preceded them. Only 26 percent of the millennial adults are married. When they were the same age, 36 percent of the Gen Xers, 48 percent of baby boomers and 65 percent of the Silent Generation were married.

History shows us that people change as life goes on. It will be interesting to see how much Millennials change as they get older and how those changes will impact their political views. I wonder how their political mind set and views will shape the world that they will make for themselves.

Related Articles of Interest:

Millenials Are Disillusioned with Politics, The Washington Post

When It Comes To Politics, Do Millenials Care About Anything?, The Atlantic

Polls Show Good News for Democrats With Young Voters, Huff Post Politics

Millenials Won't Be in Charge of Congress Until At Least 2035, Huff Post Politics

Improving Millenials' Civic Health and the Country's, Huff Post Politics
 

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Intent vs. Impact: Recent Landmark Supreme Court Decisions

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the final interpreter of federal constitutional law. This week the court issued three landmark decisions.

The U.S. Supreme Court handed President Barack Obama a major victory on Thursday by upholding tax subsidies crucial to his signature healthcare law, with Chief Justice John Roberts saying Congress clearly intended for them to be available in all 50 states.

In King v. Burwell (June 25, 2015), the court ruled on a 6-3 vote that the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA), widely known as Obamacare, did not restrict the subsidies to states that establish their own online healthcare exchanges. It marked the second time in three years that the high court ruled against a major challenge to the law brought by conservatives seeking to gut it.

"Congress passed the Affordable Care Act to improve health insurance markets, not to destroy them," Roberts wrote in the court's decision, adding that nationwide availability of the credits is required to "avoid the type of calamitous result that Congress plainly meant to avoid."

The Obama administration has hailed the law as a success, saying 16.4 million previously uninsured people have gained health insurance since it was enacted.

 

On the same day that the ACA ruling was issued, the court issued its decision in Texas Dep't of Housing, & Community Affairs v.Inclusive Communities Project, Inc. (June 25, 2015): Claims of housing discrimination based on disparate impact rather than a showing of discriminatory intent may be brought under the Fair Housing Act. To defeat a defense based on business justification or a public interest, a plaintiff must identify an available alternative that serves the defendant's needs and would have less disparate impact. Although this decision got much less airing in the media, it is a landmark decision. In effect the ruling says discrimination may not have been intended in the actions taken, but the effect is discriminatory as evidenced by its disparate impact. This ruling gives further weigh to impact as defense against discrimination under the Fair Housing Law. Oddly enough, the court upheld the ACA based on the intent of the law, while it decreed the intent is also weighed by disparate impact under Fair Housing Act.

SCOTUS issued its ruling on Same Sex Marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges (June 26, 2015): Under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, all states must license a marriage between two people of the same sex and recognize such a marriage if it was lawfully licensed and performed in another state.

All in all these decisions furthered the cause of equal treatment under the law for all American citizens.

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The Supreme Court-How it Works

The Supreme Court is the most powerful court in the United States. It was set up by the founding fathers of the United States in the third article of the Constitution.

 The court is made up of nine members, called justices. There is one chief justice and eight associate justices. They are appointed by the president and can serve on the Supreme Court their whole lives. A justice can only be dismissed if they do something wrong or illegal. Each justice must be approved by the Senate before they take office.

 The Supreme Court guards and defends the American constitution. It decides legal cases that arise between citizens, states and the federal government. In most cases the Supreme Court hears cases that have already been decided before a lower court. When someone who has lost a case thinks that the decision is wrong, he or she can appeal to higher courts. The highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, however, cannot deal with all the cases that are brought to it. Each year it hears about 250 cases, only choosing the ones that the justices think are most important.

 When the Supreme Court hears a case both parties have the chance to bring their arguments before the justices, who may then ask questions. Parties can also present written papers that show their opinion. There are no witnesses at such a hearing and there is no jury allowed.

 At the end of the hearing the justices vote on the case. They must reach a decision by majority vote. Then a justice is chosen to write down the opinion of what most justices think. In many cases not all justices have the same opinion on a topic.

When the Supreme Court decides something it is final. All the other courts in the country must decide an issue in the same way. A Supreme Court ruling can be turned around in two ways. Sometimes the members of Congress amend the constitution, or the Supreme Court itself may later on decide differently in a similar case.

 For example, in 1895 the Supreme Court ruled that the government was not allowed to collect taxes from its citizens. Two decades later Congress passed the 16th Amendment, which gave the government the right to collect money from the people.

In another issue the Supreme Court changed its view on what it thought about how blacks and whites should live together. In 1896 it decided that blacks and whites should have separate public places, like schools, bus stops etc... In 1954 the court ruled that sending blacks and whites to different schools was against the constitution.

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A Thousand Days Waiting: Kalief Browder's Ordeal

When I heard the story of Kalief Browder, I was first shocked, then, angry, and finally saddened. My thoughts went instantly to my seventeen year old grandson, Mekhi, and then to my nephews Cameron and Christian, twenty-five and twenty-two respectively. I realized once again that this story could be their story and then I got on my knees and prayed.
 

Kalief Browder spent three years on Rikers Island without being convicted of a crime. He had been arrested in the spring of 2010, at age sixteen, for a robbery he insisted he had not committed. Then he spent more than one thousand days on Rikers waiting for a trial that never happened. During that time, he endured about two years in solitary confinement, where he attempted to end his life several times.

Jennifer Gonnerman, a reporter for The New Yorker magazine tells of  Kalief’s efforts to end his life in her article "Before The Law". Once, in February, 2012, he ripped his bedsheet into strips, tied them together to create a noose, and tried to hang himself from the light fixture in his cell.

 In November of 2013, six months after he left Rikers, Browder attempted suicide again. This time, he tried to hang himself at home, from a bannister, and he was taken to the psychiatric ward at St. Barnabas Hospital, not far from his home, in the Bronx. When I met him, in the spring of 2014, he appeared to be more stable.

Then, late last year, about two months after the story about him appeared, he stopped going to classes at Bronx Community College. During the week of Christmas, he was confined in the psych ward at Harlem Hospital. One day after his release, he was hospitalized again, this time back at St. Barnabas. When Gonnerman visited him there on January 9th, he did not seem like himself. He was gaunt, restless, and deeply paranoid. He had recently thrown out his brand-new television, he explained, “because it was watching me.”

 After two weeks at St. Barnabas, Browder was released and sent back home. The next day, his lawyer, Paul V. Prestia, got a call from an official at Bronx Community College. An anonymous donor (who had likely read the New Yorker story) had offered to pay his tuition for the semester. This happy news prompted Browder to reenroll. For the next few months he seemed to thrive. He rode his bicycle back and forth to school every day, he no longer got panic attacks sitting in a classroom, and he earned better grades than he had the prior semester.

 Kelief Browder told stories about having been abused by officers and inmates on Rikers. The stories were disturbing, but Gonnerman says she did not fully appreciate what he had experienced until this past April when she obtained surveillance footage of an officer assaulting him and of a large group of inmates pummeling and kicking him. Sitting next to Kalief she watched these videos for the first time with him. Afterward, they discussed whether they should be published on The New Yorker’s Web site. She told him that it was his decision. He said to put them online.

 He was driven by the same motive that led him to talk to Gonnerman for the first time, a year earlier. He wanted the public to know what he had gone through, so that nobody else would have to endure the same ordeals. His willingness to tell his story publicly—and his ability to recount it with great insight—ultimately helped persuade Mayor Bill de Blasio to try to reform the city’s court system and end the sort of excessive delays that kept him in jail for so long.

Browder’s story also caught the attention of Rand Paul, who began talking about him on the campaign trail. Jay Z met with Browder after watching the videos. Rosie O’Donnell invited him on “The View” last year and recently had him over for dinner. Browder could be a very private person, and he told almost nobody about meeting O’Donnell or Jay Z. However, in a picture taken of him with Jay Z, who draped an arm around his shoulders, Browder looked euphoric.

 Last Monday, Prestia, who had filed a lawsuit on Browder’s behalf against the city, noticed that Browder had put up a couple of odd posts on Facebook. When Prestia sent him a text message, asking what was going on, Browder insisted he was O.K. “Are you sure everything is cool?” Prestia wrote. Browder replied: “Yea I’m alright thanks man.” The two spoke on Wednesday, and Browder did seem fine. On Saturday afternoon, Prestia got a call from Browder’s mother: he had committed suicide.

I'm convinced that our dysfunctional U. S. Justice system killed Kalief Browder. There's more to his story. Read the Exclusive in the Daily News and learn about another recent suicide, an 18 year old Riker's Island inmate who hanged himself in his cell. 

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House Speaker John Boehner Tries to "Rear End" President Obama-Again

Could it be that House Speaker John Boehner led Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to believe that his invitation for the prime minister to speak before Congress in March was bipartisan?

"It appears that the speaker of Congress made a move, in which we trusted, but which it ultimately became clear was a one-sided move and not a move by both sides," Deputy Israeli Foreign Minister Tzachi Hanegbi said on a Tel Aviv radio program.

Boehner's invitation for Netanyahu to speak on Iran, extended without consultation with the White House, has stirred partisan tensions. The White House called it a breach of diplomatic protocol. House Democrats have met with Israeli Ambassador Ron Dermer to register their displeasure, and some have said they will boycott the speech.

Nonetheless, Hanegbi indicated that Netanyahu would still make the March 3 speech, which also comes two weeks before Israeli elections.

"The Republicans know, as the president has already made clear, that he will veto this legislation. So in order to pass legislation that overcomes the veto, two-thirds are required in the Senate," Hanegbi said. "So if the prime minister can persuade another one or two or another three or four, this could have weight."

He said that the speech could still help secure the two-thirds vote needed to override President Obama's promised veto on any new sanctions on Iran.

Interesting that the Republicans went against protocol and invited the Prime Minister to speak to the U. S. Congress in an effort to circumvent our President, America's leader. How shifty is that! For Netanyahu, the speech offered a high-profile chance to push his top objective: derailing negotiations to arrest Iran's nuclear weapons program, which he's convinced will produce a deal that leaves Israel vulnerable. The timing of the speech, two weeks before Israeli elections, could also give Netanyahu a political boost. We'll see if the plan works and if this move will be successful.

Boehner's move again tells the country and the world of the GOP's political animus against the President. Let's see if Netanyahu benefits in the Israeli elections and can change the minds of the U. S. Congress. . Regardless, our President continues to move forward.

Source: Talking Points Memo

Related article: Boehner's Netanyahu Ploy Runs on the Rocks: Our View. USA Today's Editorial Opinion

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Black Women on the Move: Leaders of Tomorrow

Black History Month is a great time to remember the leaders of our past and celebrate the warriors of the present.

We've highlighted some of the "Men to Watch" who will probably be the important Black leaders of the next generation. It's time now for the ladies, "Black Women on the Move" who are ready and able to lead.

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Tomorrow's Black Leaders: The Next Generation

Often times we only focus on historical figures during Black History Month i.e., Dr.King, Malcolm X, and Frederick Douglas.

History has it's place and tells us where we've been and how we got to this place in the present. Remember, the past moves us to the future. Take a look at some of the up and coming Black men who will probably become important  leaders of tomorrow.

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"A Raisin in the Sun"-A Bit of History

 

On this day, Nov. 12, 1940, the Supreme Court ruled on a case that would inspire one of the seminal plays of the 20th Century, “A Raisin in the Sun.” The parents of Lorraine Hansberry, Carl and Nannie, a real estate broker and a schoolteacher, had left the Jim Crow South only to discover hostility in the North.

 
It was in 1937 that they tried to move into the all-white Washington Park section of... Chicago. Neighbors filed a lawsuit forcing the family out on the basis of restrictive covenants. Lorraine, the youngest of the couple’s four children, was eight years old at the time and witnessed violence against her family as her parents tried to stand their ground. The Hansberrys went to court to challenge the restrictive covenants and to return to the house they bought.

The case, Hansberry v. Lee, culminated in a 1940 Supreme Court decision that helped strike a blow against segregation, though the hostility continued. Neighbors surrounded their house at one point, throwing bricks and broken concrete, narrowly missing Lorraine’s head, and neighborhood children ganged up and attacked her at school.

 The experience would plant the seed for the 1959 play and later the film, “A Raisin in the Sun,” starring Sidney Poitier, Claudia McNeil and Ruby Dee. The play was based on the author's personal experiences in the Washington Park Subdivision of Chicago's Woodlawn neighborhood. It also stems from the  the poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes:

What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a Raisin in the sun? 

 

It would not be until 1968 that the landmark Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) would officially prohibit housing discrimination in the United States. It also created the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity.

 

 

Lorraine Hansberry reflected upon the litigation in her book To Be Young, Gifted, and Black:

"25 years ago, [my father] spent a small personal fortune, his considerable talents, and many years of his life fighting, in association with NAACP attorneys, Chicago’s ‘restrictive covenants’ in one of this nation's ugliest ghettos. That fight also required our family to occupy disputed property in a hellishly hostile ‘white neighborhood’ in which literally howling mobs surrounded our house… My memories of this ‘correct’ way of fighting white supremacy in America include being spat at, cursed and pummeled in the daily trek to and from school. And I also remember my desperate and courageous mother, patrolling our household all night with a loaded German Luger (pistol), doggedly guarding her four children, while my father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court."

Her father would not live to see that day nor his daughter's Broadway triumph. Carl Hansberry, a Mississippian who had journeyed to Chicago during the Great Migration, never recovered from the family's housing ordeal. He died at age 50 in 1946 of a cerebral hemorrhage in Mexico, where he was planning to move his family out of disillusionment. Their house at 6140 South Rhodes is now a Chicago landmark and the beloved play their family's legacy.

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What I Expect from a Republican Controlled Senate

You hear it on all the news programs and on commentary from political pundits. It seems to be the conventional wisdom that Republicans, who won control of the House of Representative in the last mid-term elections, will take control of the Senate in the November 2014 midterm election.

I agree that the fight for the Senate is real and the coming elections pose significant consequences for country. Personally, I shudder to think about Republicans having the final say on major issues that will affect me and my family during the coming decade.

 

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On the Record: Meet Atty General Eric Holder Part 2

Eric Holder will announce today that he will step down from his position as law enforcer in chief.
If you missed my post introducing Attorney General Eric Holder, you missed the short, sweet information on his life, career, and personal background. As promised, here's Eric Holder Part 2, which become a farewell to the nation's Top Cop.

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Poorer Than You Think: Money and Wealth in America

"Rich Americans", that's our global reputation. We share that world view and never seem to wonder how are we really doing.  When you look at money and wealth around the world, Americans are poorer than we think.

One of the most useful calculations a person can make when it comes to their personal finances is to figure out their net worth. Simply put, net worth is the value of your assets (what you own) vs. your liabilities (debts). The average net worth of Americans is $301,000 per adult. Our country ranks number 4 in net worth behind Switzerland (#1), Australia (#2), and Norway (#3). Sweden, France, Singapore, Denmark, Canada and United Kingdom fill our the rest of the top ten respectively.

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On the Record: Meet Atty General Eric Holder Pt 1

Attorney General Eric Holder makes his way to Ferguson, Mo in the wake of civil unrest after the killing of Michael Brown. After briefing President Obama on the situation, Holder informed the President that he would visit the site himself. His visit is scheduled to begin on August 20th. I thought it might be interesting to learn a bit about the highest ranking law enforcement officer in America.



Eric Himpton Holder, Jr.,  serving in the administration of President Barack Obama, is the first African American to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General. He was sworn in as the 82nd Attorney General of the United States on February 3, 2009 by Vice President Joe Biden.

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On The Record: Meet Ronan Farrow

Ronan Farrow

While flipping the channels searching for afternoon cooking shows, I lingered on MSNBC long enough to check out the show's host. He was young, blond, handsome, and well spoken. I hadn't noticed him before and it made me wonder who he was and how he got his own show. Before I could check him out, I saw an article in TV Week's The Wrap titled "Ronan Farrow Not having a Very Good Summer on MSNBC". It seems that since the show's February debut through August 8, it ranked third in the cable news competition for the 1 p.m. weekly time slot. My interest grew and I immediately searched for more information about Ronan. Here's what I found out.

Woody Allen-Ronan Farrow-Frank Sinatra

Ronan Farrow is the son of actress Mia Farrow and either filmmaker Woody Allen or Frank Sinatra. (No DNA testing has been done to determine Ronan's paternity. He is estranged from Allen.) His maternal grandmother is actress Maureen O'Sullivan. At age 26, he is an American activist, journalist, lawyer, former U. S. government advisor and host of "Ronan Farrow Daily" on MSNBC. He graduated from Bard College at the age of 15 and is the school's only Rhodes Scholar. In 2009, he  graduated from Yale Law School and later became a member of the New York Bar.

Wikipedia details Farrow's impressive and diverse career.
 

Ronan and mother Mia Farrow

During his time at Yale Law School, Farrow interned at the law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell and in the office of the chief counsel at the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, focusing on international human rights law. 

Hillary Clinton and Ronan Farrow

In 2009, Farrow joined the Obama administration with his appointment as Special Adviser for Humanitarian and NGO Affairs in the Office of the Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2011 at the age of 23, Farrow was appointed Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's Special Adviser for Global Youth Issues and Director of the State Department's Office of Global Youth Issues 

He has written essays, op-eds, and other pieces for The Guardian, Foreign Policy magazine, The Atlantic, The Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times and other periodicals. In October 2013, Penguin Press acquired Farrow's book, Pandora's Box: How American Military Aid Creates America's Enemies, scheduling it for 2015 publication.In 2008 Farrow was awarded Refugees International's McCall-Pierpaoli Humanitarian Award for "extraordinary service to refugees and displaced people." In 2012, he was ranked number one in "Law and Policy" on Forbes Magazine's "30 Under 30" Most Influential People. He was also awarded an honorary Doctorate by Dominican University of California in 2012.

Since Farrow is often considered the best connected young man on the planet, I thought he was someone you'd want to know.

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Dysfunctional Congress: Do Something About It

It's sad to hear opinions of most Americans about our "do nothing" Congress. Americans distrust and disdain Congress. Now that our legislative body is in recess for the coming weeks, we seriously doubt if they'll be missed. Recent polls tell the tale of just how most of the country sees the situation.

A Gallup poll ranks the approval rating of Congress at an all time low at only 15 per cent. Fifty percent rate Congress as "very unproductive" and 74% rated Congress at "very unproductive". Another Gallup poll showed only 7% had "a great deal or quite a lot of confidence" in Congress, while 50% had "very little confidence".

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Keep it Quiet, but Our Economy Continues to Improve

 

As quiet as it's kept, the U. S. economy continues to improve and unemployment ticks downward.

Reports, posted for July, show six straight months of job growth with gains of over 200,000 jobs in each month. The average job gains over the past 6 months reached 244,000 in July, the best average in 8 years.

Unemployment was at 6.2 per cent in July and 6.1 per cent in June. The unemployment rate for African Americans continues to exceed the national rate. African Americans' rate of unemployment  rose to 11.4 per cent in July from 10.7 percent in June. No relief for these Americans on the horizon.

Fortunately,the data continues to show that the nation's economy is moving in the right direction. Consumer spending is up and incomes gains also picked up. American confidence in the economy is the highest in nearly 7 years. All of this is good news for the country after the difficult climb from the financial pitfalls of the past years.

Be sure you don't mention the President's name of course. The media only mentions Barack Obama when things are negative and going in the wrong direction. Fortunately, the record speaks for itself. It is amazing what he's accomplished with no help from the Republicans and in spite of our infamous "Do Nothing" Congress.  I just wanted to give a shout out to the POTUS for hanging tough in spite of the daily difficulties he faces. I often wonder what we could have achieved if Congress did their job and passed legislation that had a positive impact on job growth and reduced unemployment. Well, I can dream, can't I?

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New Orleans Ex-Mayor Heads to Jail

You might remember New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin's fight to save his city during the chaotic years after Hurricane Katrina. Now, he's headed to prison convicted of Katrina-related corruption.

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Recruiting and Rebranding: The "New" Ku Klux Klan

The KKK is Recuriting and Rebranding.  They are calling for White America to "wake up".

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Fannie Lou Hamer and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) was a political party formed in 1964 as an alternative to the dominantly white and conservative Democratic Party of Mississippi. After President Lyndon B. Johnson formed a coalition between liberal Democrats and liberal and moderate Republicans to address issues of concern to African Americans, conservative Southern Democrats openly encouraged their members to vote for the 1964 Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater, who opposed civil rights legislation.


In response, African American Mississippians formed the MFDP as an alternative group that would represent their interests at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. With the support of Martin Luther King, Jr., the MFDP nominated three African American women—Fannie Lou Hamer (one of the cofounders of the party) and civil rights activists Annie Devine and Victoria Gray—to run against the traditional Democrats in the state’s 1964 congressional elections.

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"We had sneakers...they had guns": Freedom Summer-Fifty Years Ago



In June 1964, the Mississippi Summer Project  was launched to attempt to register African Americans in Mississippi, which historically excluded most blacks from voting. 

Southern states had effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites in the period from 1890 to 1910 by passing state constitutions, amendments and other laws that imposed burdens on voter registration: charging poll taxes, requiring literacy tests administered subjectively by white registrars, making residency requirements more difficult, as well as record keeping to document required items. They maintained this exclusion from politics into the 1960s.

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Can Partisan Politics and Political Polarization Affect Your Life? The Answer May Surprise You.

It’s no secret that “Republicans and Democrats are more divided along ideological lines – and partisan aversion is deeper and more extensive – than at any point in the last two decades.” A recent Pew Research Center survey of 10,000 adults nationwide finds that these divisions are greatest among those who are the most engaged and active in the political process. Would you be surprised to learn that these trends manifest themselves in a variety of ways, both in politics and in our everyday lives.

 

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